Ultrasound-Assisted Nerve Block Techniques
孙海涛 薛富善<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" />
中国医学科学院中国协和医科大学整形外科医院麻醉科,北京100041
Hai-tao Sun,Fu-shan Xue
Department of Anesthesiology,Plastic Surgery Hospital,CAMS and PUMC,Beijing 100041,China.
ABSTRACT
Ultrasound-assisted nerve block is a new technique of peripheral nerve block which grows up in recent years. It is based on the target nerve localization by ultrasonic imaging and its significant advantage is the ability to provide anatomic examination of the area of interest in real-time. This technique holds the promise of improving block success and decreasing complications. This review describes the rationale and principles of ultrasound-assisted nerve block techniques,and its features of ultrasonic imaging in peripheral nerve blocks and neuroaxial blocks so as to provide informations for safe and effective application of this new technique in clinical regional anesthesia.
Key Words:Ultrasonic imaging;Nerve block; Regional anesthesia
Corresponding Author:Fushan Xue:fruitXue@yahoo.com.cn
一、理论基础
近年来,人们对局部麻醉,尤其周围神经阻滞技术,在手术麻醉和手术后镇痛治疗方面的应用越来越关注。研究发现,由于周围神经阻滞技术能够产生有效的镇痛作用且几乎无副作用以及能够加快患者的康复,因此优于全身麻醉[1-3]。然而遗憾的是,目前局部麻醉技术的临床应用并未得到人们广泛的认同,因为局部麻醉的成功率在不同麻醉科医师之间存在着很大差异。目前定位神经的方法(例如异感技术和神经刺激技术)基本都是“盲探”操作,因为这些方法均是根据穿刺针与神经接触的间接证据来进行判断[4,5]。通过反复试探和盲目穿刺进针来寻找神经的方法可导致并发症的发生。虽然并发症并不多见,但诸如血管注射局部麻醉药所致的全身性毒性反应、肌间沟臂丛阻滞时意外性脊髓损伤、锁骨上臂丛阻滞时的气胸以及神经损伤之类的并发症均曾有报道[6,7]。
影像引导神经定位技术有望提高神经阻滞操作的成功率和减少其并发症。在目前可用的影像学技术当中,超声成像技术可能最适用于局部麻醉。超声成像技术最显著的优势在于其能够实时检查目标区域的解剖结构[8]。在神经阻滞操作中,超声成像技术能够:①使操作者观察到神经组织结构(神经丛和周围神经)及其周围组织结构(例如血管和胸膜);②引导穿刺针向目标神经推进;③能够观察局部麻醉药的扩散情况[9]。 |